Motorcycles

Naks-i Dil Sultan Jewelry Naks-i Dil Sultan Jewelry
Versions
There are currently several different versions of the game: South East Asia, Korean, Japanese, US (global), French, German, Chinese, Hong Kong, Taiwanese, Russian, and Arabic. Versions can differ dramatically. For example, the US version added a restrictive logout timer on 22nd Jan 2008 which disables users from logging out for 10 seconds while not in a non-PvP area, such as a town (this feature has been disabled for the time being). Korean and Japanese versions have a similar timer; however, it only applies when in player-kill mode.
French Version
The French version of Rappelz started its beta on January 30, 2008. It was closed again on February 11, 2008, after which on February 14, 2008 the French Rappelz version went live. The live version opened with server Pyroxia. On March 13, 2008, a second server Kentauros was opened.
German Versio , dendritic agate .
The German version of Rappelz started its beta on January 30, 2008. On February 14, 2008 the German Rappelz version went live. The live version opened with server Horus. On March 13, 2008, a second server Bastet was opened , mirror for car .
Russian Version
Russian version of MMORPG Rappelz started its beta on August 8, 2008. On September 8, 2008 Russian Rappelz went live. There are currently 4 servers in service. They are: Pantera, Siren, Salamander, Cyniks. The largest Rappelz update Navislamia was launched on May 4, 2009.
History
The Open Beta version of Rappelz launched on October 2, 2006, with two separate servers available: “Tortus” , the normal PvE server, and “Pantera”, the more PvP/PK-oriented server. Those who had previously downloaded the Closed Beta version of Rappelz were not required to re-download the Rappelz client to play in Open Beta; however, extensive automatic patching was done by the client before Closed Beta players could enter Open Beta. Closed Beta ended on September 26, 2006. Closed-beta characters were deleted at the beginning of Open Beta; however, characters created during Open Beta were not deleted prior to the game’s release. Open Beta ended with the official release of the game on November 03, 2006.
There are currently seven servers in service namely, “Bahamut”, “Tortus”, “Yeti”, “Lydian” and “Pantera (PVP).”, “Salamander” and the newest (opened on August 14 2007) - “Tanda”, named after the game’s head Game Master.[citation needed] The US test server for Epic 4 testing was called “Siren”.
Epic 4: Revolution
Rappelz Epic IV was released on July 27, 2007. The expansion included a complete skill revamp, changes to the pet system, the inclusion of a second job class, and many small tweaks to the system and graphics. However, the majority of bugs and issues reported in Epic III were not resolved and Epic IV introduced many new bugs including missing skills, broken skills and items/ descriptions not translated from original Korean.
Epic 5: Dragonic Age
The first part of this update went live on August 12, 2008 and contained:
two new pets, Pet skills and development changed/added, decorative pets have been added
new dungeon, new armors, weapons, cloaks and helmets
The second part released on October 15 2008 and brought:
two new dungeons, level limit raised to 170 new armor, weapons, and accessories
a new ridable mount (ornitho) for level 120+
job points were reset for all players
Epic 6: Navislamia
This update was released on the 20th of May 2009 and contained:
High level field area updates (Level 120+), new teleport routes
two new higher level dungeons and changes to dungeon monster drop rates and items
Some monsters can now detect stealthed players.
Three new pets added, Trainee Island updated, new quests, areas and dungeon
User Interface changed, keymapping enhanced, changes to donation system and ranking
The Story
The oldest race is the Gaia, and to assist them, the gods of Creation and Extinction brought two more races into the world. They were the Deva who represented the Light and the Asura who represented the Darkness. With this, there was a period of peace and stability in the world.
As the ages passed by, there was one among the Gaia who called herself “The Witch”. Over time, she grew in tremendous power and with a ruthless ambition, rallied the people of Gaia to rebel against the world.
Not all the people of Gaia heeded this call, however, and the world was thrown into chaos. It was only through the combined efforts of the three races of Deva, Asura, and Gaia that “The Witch” was finally captured and burnt alive. It was a victorious outcome of a unity between the three races.
Now at the present time, the three races continue to co-exist with each other in the world of Rappelz but dark rumors have surfaced about the second coming of “The Witch” and the return of her terrible forces. The backstory plays a substantial role in the game itself.
Game Features
Action Icons
Rappelz optionally provides the use of icons for actions, allowing them to be assigned to a hotkey. Some other actions may also be used through the use of icons (those available in the control window).
Lak and Chips
A Lak is magical energy from monsters and can be obtained by defeating monsters while wearing the appropriate necklace. This necklace will be available fairly early in the game. Gathered Lak can be consumed if the player dies, preventing him to lose experience points (the amount of Lak consumed increases with the level of the character), or can be traded at any Lak Trader for either chips or in-game currency, rupees. Lak Traders also provide the option to buy chips with rupees. However, it is more cost-efficient to obtain chips via Lak.
There are three types of chips: Force Chips, Soul Chips and Luna Chips. These chips are items that characters can use to significantly affect a battle by increasing the amount of damage the target takes for a limited amount of time. They come in different ranks which allow different levels of users to use chips. Force Chips increase physical damage, Soul Chips increase magical damage, Luna Chips affect both physical and magical damage, but cost slightly more than Force and Soul chips.
Items and Equipment
Equipment in the game have their own level and can level up by means of upgrading. Items that are able to do this display a section at the bottom of their status window showing the upgraded status effects, allowing players to know ahead of time the quality of the equipment. By visiting a Blacksmith, which is available in every town, players are able to upgrade their currently equipped (and upgradeable) equipment for a fee.
In addition, combinations of equipment with the appropriate enchantment cubes can further increase its potency, and as is the case with weapons, even be reflected graphically through a glow effect. This is called ‘enchanting’ an item. A weak weapon or armour can be formed into a stronger item without having to sell it and buy a new one. This can also substantially increase both the item’s in-game market value. The only non-equipment item that can be enchanted is the skill card.
Items can also be improved by ’socketing’ Soul Stones. This is done by visiting a Soulcrafter. Soul Stones are drop items that cannot be bought from any NPC. When socketed, they will increase one of the primary stats of one’s character, if three conditions are met: the equipment with the Soul Stone is equipped, the Soul Stone’s level is lower than or equals the character’s level, and the Soul Power of the equipment is charged. Soul Power can be charged at the Soulcrafter of each town, and will be paid in Lak. Most equipment has two sockets for Soul Stones, however two-handed weapons have four.
Pet System
One of Rappelz’s defining features is its Pet system. Pets are creatures that adventure alongside players, aiding them in battle. They come in many varieties, and can be made to fulfill numerous roles. Additionally, pets have many of the properties of player characters: they gain levels alongside their owners, learn different skills, and can make use of equipment.
Pets can be used by all races and classes: the only requirement being two skills, Summon Creature and Creature Control, which are available early in the game. The basic classes (Rogue, Guide and Stepper) and fighter classes have little emphasis on creatures through the availability of creature affecting skills while the others, especially summoner classes (Breeder, Spell Singer and Sorcerer) can affect creatures more greatly.
Pets are attained by taming a pet while having the appropriate card for that pet in the player’s inventory. The three most basic pet cards can be bought in any town, while other cards are only found from defeated monsters. Once tamed, pets can be summoned and banished at will by their owners.
Upon reaching a certain level, pets can “evolve” to a different type. A pet evolves twice during its lifetime. Additionally, pets can learn skills at higher levels that allow them to be used as equipment, augmenting their owner’s power. There is also a feature known as “overbreeding” which requires a somewhat longer time to achieve. Overbreeding grants pets more job points and stats than non-overbred pets. Overbreeding begins after a pet can evolve but not allowing the city tamer to evolve it. Generally if a pet is not Overbred, it is considered worthless to players wishing to buy a pet.
Current Pets
The Rappelz Reference Guide lists the pets in order of taming chance, using tiers. As of Epic 4, pets from tiers 1 through 3 are considered Basic, and tier 4 pets are considered Rare. Pet cards for pets from tier 1 can be…

Toy Cars Toy Cars
Robert Wornum was born on October 1, 1780, son of music seller and violin maker Robert Wornum (1742-1815), who worked at Glasshouse street, London, and after about 1777, at 42 Wigmore Street, near Cavendish Square. Piano historian Alfred J. Hipkins wrote the younger Wornum was originally intended for the church, but by 1810 had the position of foreman at music sellers Wilkinson & Company at 3 Great Windmill Street and 13 Haymarket.
Wilkinson & Co. were successors to Broderip & Wilkinson, a partnership between Francis Broderip and George Wilkinson which had formed in 1798 following the failure of Longman & Broderip. Wilkinson & Co. was organized following Broderip’s death in 1807. According to the family history recorded by Wilkinson’s son Henry Broadhurst Wilkinson, the firm had arranged to have tall cabinet upright pianos manufactured for them by Astor and “Leukenfeld” by license under William Southwell’s patent. Southwell, who was said to have made the first cabinet upright in 1790, described that it was “so constructed as to prevent the possibility of its being so frequently out of tune”, and without “any opening or perforation between the sound-board and the pin block”, although his 1807 patent only claimed a new arrangement of its dampers. The Monthly Magazine reported in May, 1808 that Wilkinson & Co. offered to the public “a New Patent, Cabinet Piano-forte”, and described that its form was “as curious as convenient,” occupying no more room than the smallest bookcase, while its tone was both brilliant and delicate, its touch “peculiarly facile and pleasant” and claimed the strength and simplicity of its construction would tend “to ensure its keeping in tune longer than most other instruments.” The Quarterly Musical Register described in early 1812 that by then these instruments were manufactured by other firms as well, and commented “whether they will be adopted as preferable to the square piano forte, time must shew.” Wornum’s son Alfred later claimed that these instruments were unsuccessful for a time and Broadhurst Wilkinson related that the firm had been obliged to furnish replacements under warrantee when the instruments sold by them were found not to “stand well.” By mid-1809, however, the firm advertised that owing to “the great increase of their manufactory of pianos” they had determined to close down their other musical enterprises, and had reduced their entire stock of music to half price and offered favorable terms on all instruments out on hire.
Wilkinson & Wornum and the Unique upright
In 1810, according to Broadhurst Wilkinson, Wilkinson borrowed 12,000 ($53,000) to form a partnership with Wornum, and leased houses at 315 Oxford street and Princes street, adjoining Hanover Square, for warerooms, factory and residences, with the yard behind 11 Princes street used for seasoning lumber.
Wornum’s Unique action, 1811 paten , decorative door handles .
In 1811 Wornum patented a small bichord upright standing about three feet three inches tall (99 cm) styled the “unique”. Its strings were stretched diagonally from the top to the right side of the case and communicated with a small sounding board, and the case itself was divided in half with separate parts containing the action and keyboard, and strings and frame. Wornum’s escapement worked directly upon a padded notch on the hammer butt and in this way could omit the intermediate lever used in many square pianos and Southwell’s cabinet uprights, and the hammer was returned to its resting position by a spring fixed to the hammer rail instead of by its own weight or that of the sticker. Like Southwell, Wornum used overdampers that pressed against the strings above the hammers and were mounted on levers hinged from a separate rail, but the wires that raised them were to be acted upon by the backward oriented base of the escapement instead of by the sticker or the hammer. Wornum also claimed a buff stop, operated by the left pedal which muted one of the strings of each note. Two articles published in 1851 indicate that the firm built several hundred of these pianos , entry door handle .
Wornum’s patent, 1811
Wilkinson & Wornum upright, 1812
Wilkinson & Wornum’s Oxford street facilities were destroyed by fire in October 1812. The proprietors quickly announced that the greater part of their finished stock had been saved, in part by their neighbors and other volunteers, and was ready for sale at 11 Princes street only a few days afterwards, but a collection was started for their upwards of seventy workmen who had lost all of their tools and were unable to return to work. At a meeting of the firm’s creditors in November, Wilkinson’s father, Charles Wilkinson, agreed not to make a claim against them and guaranteed payment to the other creditors, and in early 1813 he forgave what the partners owed him. Wilkinson & Wornum was dissolved March 3, 1813. Wilkinson established his own piano factory behind his new house at 32 Howland street, and Wornum, possibly having sold his patent to music seller John Watlen, of Leicester place, removed to 42 Wigmore street.
Harmonic uprights and equal tension
By 1813 Wornum introduced a second upright design with vertical strings, measuring about four feet six inches tall (137 cm), that he called the “harmonic” which is generally considered the first successful cottage upright. Low vertically strung uprights with similar construction had been introduced with patented features in 1800 by Matthias Mueller in Vienna and John Isaac Hawkins in Philadelphia and London. Hawkins’ in particular contained a similar action to the one shown in Wornum’s 1809 patent, and the highest three octaves were strung with one size wire under the same tension in the same fashion as Wornum’s 1820 patent, but both of these instruments also were more unusual than the cottage upright in tone and construction. Mueller’s piano was described in the 1810 Oekonomische Encyklopdie as having a tone similar to a basset horn, and he offered a tandem model for performing duets he called the Ditanaklasis while Hawkins’ piano featured a complete iron frame with an open back, a large, independent sounding board, and bass strings in the form of coil springs and it included mechanical tuners, a retractable keyboard, and a metallic upper bridge. Hipkins account of Hawkins’ instrument in the 1890 Encyclopaedia Britannica described that it was “poor in the tone.”
In 1820 Wornum patented a system of equal tension achieved by employing “one size steel wire throughout”, and adjusting the size of the windings in the bass. He claimed that this prevented the falling of the middle and upper octaves he had determined were the result of the usual practice of employing different gauges and tensions in different parts of the piano, and described that the tones produced by his scheme were “firm, sonorous, and brilliant, and their standing warranted the highest opinion of the principle.” Alfred Savage, who wrote several letters on piano construction published in the Mechanics’ Magazine in the early 1840s, stated that this system had the advantage of standing in tune better than any other, but that its tone was unequal across the compass: he described that using a thicker size wire would result in a want of vibration in the treble, whereas a thinner wire would want of firmness and fulness in the bass, and attributed the difference to the stiffness of the wire in relation to the length of the strings. A later correspondent on pianos who mentioned Wornum as “my late friend” and signed his letters as “The Harmonious Blacksmith” wrote in 1871 to the English Mechanic and World of Science that Wornum had used no.15 wire throughout, which in the 1820s and 1830s was at least four sizes larger than the wire normally used for the highest notes and several sizes larger even than those in the much longer and higher tensioned scales used at the time of the article, and he described that it gave “a very good treble, but a very poor tenor and bass.” Wornum used this scale at least for the full term of the patent but it never came into more general application.
Double actions and Piccolo uprights
Wornum’s second double action, 1826 patent
Wornum’s double or Piccolo action, ca. 1829
In 1826 Wornum patented improvements to what he called the professional piano, claiming a pizzicato pedal placed between the two ordinary pedals with linkages to press the dampers against the strings, a pinned single action where the damper lever was raised by a button at the end of a wire attached to an extension on the sticker and two double actions with additional levers mounted to a second rail for operating the dampers as well as checks for the hammer. The first of these was arranged like the action from his 1811 patent with the backward facing escapement on the key operating the check lever wire; in the second the check lever wire was operated by the sticker. The sticker was pinned to the underside of another lever, hinged to the hammer rail and carrying the escapement. The escapement worked on the principle of the English grand action with the regulating button fixed to the hammer rail, but with its spring mounted on the sticker instead of the lower part of the escapement. A fixed hammer return spring was not shown, and instead a spring was mounted on the hopper and worked against the hammer butt to prevent the hammer “from dancing after the hand is off the key”.
Two years later Wornum patented an improvement to the sticker action with a button mounted at the end of the key made to check against an extension of the back end of the lower lever of the sticker in order to prevent unwanted movement of the hammers after each blow against the strings.
…

caster, pu caster, caster wheel caster, pu caster, caster wheel
Mechanism differences
Mechanical Trigger. Based on the trigger system found in a rifle, Cynergy shotguns feature a reverse striker. The reverse striker is a mechanical trigger system that uses an actuator to reverse the direction of the impact force from the spring to the firing pin. Essentially, when the action opens up, the strikers must cock by a `pull’ rather than a `push.’” This design offers the benefit of reduced locktime.
Diagram of the Browning Cynergy mechanical trigger system.
Monolock Hinge. The purpose of this design is to create a lower profile receiver. The system integrates the hinge and locking system. The MonoLock Hinge pivots on significantly more surface area than guns with conventional low profile receivers. Rectangular locking pins provide additional strength while a wear-in relief feature allows for wear without hindering lock-up.
Side view of Monolock hinge system. Note large hinge radius.
History of the design
The beginning of the Cynergy technically begins with the original B-25 Superposed, designed by John M. Browning in 1928 and finished for production using a single trigger with barrel selector by his son Val Browning by 1939. Production continued on the Superposed until production costs hurt the Superposed in the marketplace during the late 1960s. The basic design was taken to Browning’s partner, the Miroku Company in Japan, and in 1971 the Citori over and under went into production. From that point the Citori took the place of the Superposed as the primary Browning over and under shotgun.
In the early 1990s the idea of a complementary gun to the Citori was being discussed by all the Browning design teams in Belgium, Utah and in Japan.
In 1994, at a management retreat in Alaska, the worldwide team determined to begin exploring ideas. Independent design projects began and in 1996 the teams came together in Belgium to discuss three basic ideas. First was a design with a reverse-type hinge system presented by Joseph Rousseau, a master Browning gun designer from Belgium, now living in Morgan, Utah. The second was a low profile receiver concept being worked on by the experienced Browning designer Joseph Mardaga, who was a member of the Browning R&D team in Herstal, Belgium. Third was a design featuring a double firing pin concept specifically created to provide exceptionally fast lock times. About this time Dwight Potter joined Browning as a gun designer in Morgan, Utah. Potter had worked for many years prior designing robotic manipulators . . . telerobotics systems used on everything from submarine manipulators to animatronics at some of the world’s most famous theme parks. By 1997 the Cynergy project became official under the code name of “Sheik” and Potter was put on the project full-time as lead designer, working closely with Master Browning gun designer, Joseph Rousseau, who was now the firm’s VP of Research and Development.
The Cynergy design was to be based on the reverse hinge concept put forward by Rousseau several years earlier With the decision to proceed Potter designed all the internal mechanisms. This took over two years of design work resulting in the first prototype coming out of Browning’s model shop in Morgan, Utah in 1999. Both Potter and Rousseau are listed on the patent documents for this design.
Working closely with Rousseau, Potter designed the Cynergy’s reverse striker system which assured very fast lock times. He created a striker type ejection system and integrated a toggle-type safety/selector. Potter’s design assured good function with the mechanical triggers via a design utilizing an inertia block that prevents doubling while preserving fast lock times.
By 2001 Browning partner, Miroku, had produced the first design verification prototypes. In 2004, the new Cynergy was introduced to the public at the annual Shooting, Hunting and Outdoor Trade Show (SHOT Show) - a full decade after the original ideas were discussed in Alaska , bedroom furniture handles .
Many have called the Browning Cynergy “revolutionary.” Ever since the invention of the Browning Superposed over and under, most manufacturers have relied on the basic principles incorporated by John M. Browning to create their own over and unders, each one adapting and evolving from previous designs. The Cynergy represents the first major rethink of the over and under concept in nearly a Century. As such, it incorporates all of the most desirable features every shooter wants. The Cynergy achieves them through forward thinking ideas and manufacturing methods, in the same manner John M. Browning did when he broke new ground with his designs starting over 125 years ago. From a historical point of view, the Cynergy shows that the innovative thinking started by John M. Browning is still alive and well at Browning today , antique casters .
Dwight Potter, Cynergy designer, in the Browning model shop in Morgan, Utah.
Sources
http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/7207130.html
http://www.browning.com/library/infonews/detail.asp?id=128 Browning, used with permission.
http://www.gunweek.com/2004/feature0320.html
http://www.browning.com/
http://www.shootinguk.co.uk/guns/126608/Browning_Cynergy_shotgun_review.html
Browning, John M., American Gunmaker. Browning, John & Curt Gentry. 1964.
“American Gunmaker: The John M. Browning Story.” Documentary. Written and Produced by Lee B. Groberg
http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_43/b3704250.htm
Striking shotgun designs for the 21st Century, Guns Magazine, June, 2004 by Holt Bodinson
Browning eBlast Newsletter, June, 2008. Browning 2008, used with permission.
Over-and-under shotgun apparatus and method. Joseph F.N. Rousseau, Mountain Green, Morgan County; Dwight M. Potter, Liberty, Weber County. Assigned to Browning Arms Co., Morgan. Filed Jan. 5, 2005, a continuation of Patent No. 6,907,687, filed Dec. 2, 2002. Patent No. 7,207,130.
References
^
^
^ http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/7207130.html
External links
Cynergy Shotgun on Browning.com
Categories: ShotgunsHidden categories: Cleanup from August 2008 | All pages needing cleanup | All pages needing to be wikified | Wikify from August 2008

Roller Skate Shoe Keychain Roller Skate Shoe Keychain
Features
One master password.
Browser synchronization.
Secure password generation.
Password encryption.
Form filler.
Importing and exporting passwords.
Portable.
Mobile access at http://m.lastpass.com
Cryptography porta , led light ring .
See als , aluminum chain .
KeePass, an open source password management utility for Microsoft Windows.
KeePassX, a multiplatform open source KeePass clone for Linux , Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows.
Password Safe, a free open-source program for storing passwords under Windows operating system.
iMacros for Firefox, a password manager and macro recorder for Firefox
Apple Keychain - The built-in password database of Apple’s Mac OS X. Also uses encryption, but information is scarce.
This free software-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
References
^ http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2343562,00.asp
^ https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/8542
^ http://www.downloadsquad.com/2008/08/22/is-lastpass-as-good-as-they-make-it-sound/
^ http://lifehacker.com/5064566/lastpass-adds-form-filler-syncs-form-profiles-and-passwords
^ http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/securely-syncronize-all-of-your-browser-passwords-with-lastpass/
External links
LastPass
LastPass Forum
LastPass Screencasts & Videos
Firefox LastPass extension
Categories: Free software stubs | Password managers | Cryptographic software | Free security software | Mozilla extensions | Internet Explorer add-ons

Keychain /pvc keychain/soft pvc keychain/soft keychain/pvc soft keychain Keychain /pvc keychain/soft pvc keychain/soft keychain/pvc soft keychain
The Spiderwick Chronicles
The Field Guide
The Field Guide, the first book in the series, was published in May 2003. It opens in New England, United States, where nine-year-old twins Jared and Simon and their thirteen-year-old sister Mallory move to the decrepit Spiderwick Estate with their mother, Helen. They discover a secret library/study hidden in the house, and later in the story, they find Arthur Spiderwick’s Field Guide to the Fantastical World Around You in a chest in the attic, which is a book full of information on faeries.
Several days later, while Jared, Simon and Mallory are in their great Uncle Arthur’s hidden study, a small man with a hat appears. The little man, named Thimbletack, is in fact a brownie that has transformed into a boggart when neglected. When a boggart, Thimbletack caused them all much trouble. He commands them to not open and read the Field Guide and leave it alone or suffer a terrible fate.
The Seeing Ston , novelty key rings .
The Seeing Stone was also published in May 2003. After ignoring Thimbletack’s warning, Simon is abducted by a group of invisible goblins. Thimbletack guides Jared to a seeing stone device created by his great-uncle which gives the ability to see faeries, called the Sight. Mallory and Jared go searching for him, narrowly escaping capture, and find the goblin camp. While rescuing Simon, the hobgoblin Hogsqueal convinces them to help him escape in exchange for his help in retrieving Simon. Hogsqueal spits in their eyes, giving them the Sight permanently. After rescuing Simon, they flee and lead the goblins to the troll where they meet their end. They rescue the rest of the goblin’s victims and take an injured griffin back to their house , bag keychain .
Lucinda’s Secret
Lucinda’s Secret was published on October 1, 2003. The Grace children visit their Great-Aunt Lucinda, who is now in a psychiatric hospital. When they speak to her, they learn more about the world of faerie creatures, the Field Guide, and its author, Arthur Spiderwick, who was Aunt Lucinda’s father. Arthur had disappeared when Lucinda was still a little girl and the Grace children later find out where he disappeared to when they stumble upon a forest of elves. On their journey they meet Stray-Sods, grass that can move, and a Phooka, a strange creature that talks only in riddles. Jared is captured by the elves, but tricks them by saying he is “Simon” and they promise to keep “Simon” there until they bring the guide. Jared says he isn’t “Simon” but Jared, and they let him out but only by promising them that they will bring the field guide to them when it is found.
The Ironwood Tree
The Ironwood Tree was published on April 6, 2004. The family attends Mallory’s fencing contest at school. During the contest, Jared finds a boy identical to him going through Mallory’s bag. He transforms into a smaller kid when Jared attempts to scare him with his knife. When Jared and Simon discover that Mallory has disappeared, they search for her in an abandoned quarry, but wind up being kept prisoner by dwarves. Mallory is revealed to be sleeping in a glass-coffin dressed in medieval garb, with the dwarves saying she is now immortal, so long as she stays in the coffin. Escaping their cage, the twins free Mallory and meet a strange creature, called a Knocker, who tells them the way out by listening to the stones. They next see a huge metal tree, made by the dwarves, which is called the Ironwood Tree. After a narrow escape from the dwarves’ mechanical dogs, they make their way out of the tunnel but have to hide before leaving. They secretly watch Mulgarath, a hideous ogre who wants to rule the world, callously order the death of the dwarves for having been tricked into not getting the Field Guide from Jared. The dwarves are mauled to death by the goblins and Mulgarath reveals that he had the guide the whole time. The siblings escape just after Mulgarath disappears into the rock.
The Wrath of Mulgarath
The Wrath of Mulgarath was published on September 7, 2004. The Grace children return from the quarry to the Spiderwick estate, only to find the house in ruins and their mother gone. Hogsqueal the hobgoblin informs them that the house was destroyed by the goblins who have kidnapped their mother and taken her to the palace of their fearsome master, Mulgarath the ogre. Accompanied by Hogsqueal, the siblings journey to Mulgarath’s palace, an immense citadel made of garbage where they battle a legion of goblins. Mallory runs the leader through with her sword and is greatly traumatised by having actually killed a living sentient being. Nevertheless she and her brothers defeat the goblins and discover Mulgarath’s plan. The ogre has learned from the Field Guide that fresh cows’ milk makes young dragons rapidly mature. He has stolen a number of cows and is using them to breed an army of dragons with which he plans to conquer the world. Byron, the griffin, successfully vanquishes the mother dragon and Simon kills the young ones. Infiltrating the palace, they find their mother and father tied up. They release their father, but discover that he is actually Mulgarath in disguise. Jared has Thimbletack wrap chains around Simon and Mallory. The ogre brags of his plan and reveals that the Field Guide is underneath his throne, and Jared mockingly tells Mulgarath that he and his siblings have killed all the dragons. In a rage, Mulgarath flings Simon and Mallory out of the window but Thimbletack’s chains hold, and they don’t fall far. Jared stabs Mulgarath in the foot with Mallory’s sword, then knocks him out of the window. Mulgarath falls, transforms into a swallow and is eaten by Hogsqueal.
The children return home, where they meet Arthur Spiderwick, who had been living with the elves and so had not aged. He and his daughter Lucinda, now an old woman, share a poignant goodbye, and he turns to dust. With Mulgarath defeated, the Grace family is presumably now free to live happily ever after
Beyond the Spiderwick Chronicles
The Nixie’s Song
This story takes place in Florida, where 11-year-old Nick Vargas lives with his brother, Jules, weird stepsister, Laurie, dad, Paul, and stepmom, Charlene, in his father’s housing development. Laurie has read the Spiderwick Chronicles and believes in faeries. Nick thinks she is “lame” and wishes she would leave him alone. After finding a four-leafed clover (which allow people to see faeries) he sees a strange creature (later revealed to be a nixie) unconscious in his yard which he and Laurie carry into a nearby lake. The next day, the nixie, Taloa, gives Nick and Laurie the sight and sends them to find her six sisters who were separated when their pond was destroyed. Later they find the fireblasted pond and there are attacked by a giant creature they mistook for a hill. They escape the giant when it is lured by Taloa’s singing and becomes calm. They decide to ask the authors of the Chronicles for advice at a book signing and convince Jules to drive them. Once there, they are disappointed when the adults don’t believe them and run into Jared and Simon Grace who decide to help them. Jared tells them about a giant expert who lived nearby and they plan to meet at his address. The place appears to be deserted and the kids take several papers including a diagram of a giant trap. While the giant is hypnotized by the nixie’s song, the three kids tie the giant up. It thrashes around, strangling itself with the cords, and the kids are horrified at what they’ve done. Then an old man walks up and tells them that the giant isn’t really dead and kills it with a machete. He also explains that he is a giant hunter and this is only the first of many giants to wake up and unless they help him, all of Florida will be destroyed.
A Giant Problem
Nick and Laurie are taking giant hunting lessons from Noseeum Jack, which Nick finds pointless. Later Jack shows up at their house when their parents are fighting and takes them to see a fight between two giants. He approaches one injured giant and is swatted away and hurts his leg. The kids help him to his house and, once home, Laurie gives Jules a keychain containing the four-leafed clover. The next day they find a message from Taloa, who has gone to find her sisters on her own, and capture a small hobgoblin, who Laurie calls Sandspur. Later two giants start fighting outside their house. They escape with Jules, who can see the giants, but most of the development is destroyed. They go to Jack’s for help, but Jack is going to live with his son and can’t help them. That night, the family stays at a hotel where they try to come up with a plan and Jules shows Sandspur to his girlfriend, Cindy. Nick has an idea and the kids sneak out to the beach. They try to convince some mermaids to sing and lure the giants into the sea, but the mermaids hate the land and they kidnap Jules, promising to let him go if the kids bring them a fish that has never been in their sea. So they steal a tropical fish from Cindy’s dad’s aquarium and race back to the beach. The mermaids are amazed that they completed the task and return Jules. Nick records them on Laurie’s voice recorder while they sing. Next they sneak back into the hotel and get Nick’s remote control boat and then drive around a route provided by Sandspur of where the giants are, playing the mermaids’ song. The giants follow the sound to the sea where Jules has to stop at a bridge. Nick gets out drops the little boat (with the tape recorder) into the ocean. The giants follow it out to sea and the kids go back to the hotel where they find the Grace kids waiting for them with the news that the giants, which they’ve gotten rid of, were there to kill something even worse the wyrm king which is a hydra.
The Wyrm…

Board Cleaner Wipe Board Cleaner Wipe
Classification
See also: Nelumbo
Plant taxonomy systems agree that this flower is in the Nelumbo genus, but disagree as to which family Nelumbo is in, or whether it should be part of its own unique family and order tree. According to the U S Department of Agriculture, water lilies make up the family Nymphaeaceae of the order Nymphaeales.
Botany
In Kolkata, West Bengal, India , maxi pad .
The roots of Nelumbo nucifera are planted in the soil of the pond or river bottom, while the leaves float on top of the water surface. The flowers are usually found on thick stems rising several centimeters above the water. The plant normally grows up to a height of about 150 cm and a horizontal spread of up to 3 meters, but some unverified reports place the height as high as over 5 meters. The leaves may be as large as 60 cm in diameter, while the showy flowers can be up to 20 cm in diameter , wrapping paper tissue .
Researchers report that the lotus has the remarkable ability to regulate the temperature of its flowers to within a narrow range just as humans and other warmblooded animals do. Dr. Roger S. Seymour and Dr. Paul Schultze-Motel, physiologists at the University of Adelaide in Australia, found that lotus flowers blooming in the Adelaide Botanic Gardens maintained a temperature of 86 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit, even when the air temperature dropped to 50 degrees. They suspect the flowers may be turning up the heat for the benefit of their coldblooded insect pollinators. The study, published in the journal Nature, is the latest discovery in the esoteric field of heat-producing plants. The very few other species known so far to be able to regulate their temperature include Skunk Cabbage and a Philodendron known as Elephant Ear.
The traditional Sacred Lotus is distantly related to, and possesses similar activity as Nymphaea caerulea. Both Nymphaea caerulea and Nelumbo nucifera contain the alkaloids nuciferine and aporphine.
Uses
Fruit of Nelumbo nucifera; the dried seed cup is commonly used in flower arrangements.
Boiled, sliced lotus roots used in various Asian cuisine
The distinctive dried seed heads, which resemble the spouts of watering cansphoto, are widely sold throughout the world for decorative purposes and for dried flower arranging.
The flowers, seeds, young leaves, and “roots” (rhizomes) are all edible. In Asia, the petals are used sometimes for garnish, while the large leaves are used as a wrap for food. In Korea, the leaves and petals are used as a tisane. Yeonkkotcha () is made with dried petals of white lotus and yeonipcha () is made with the leaves. The rhizome (called u () in pinyin Chinese, ngau in Cantonese, bhe in Hindi, renkon (, in Japanese), yeongeun () in Korean) is used as a vegetable in soups, deep-fried, stir-fried, and braised dishes. Petals, leaves, and rhizome can also all be eaten raw, but there is a risk of parasite transmission (e.g., Fasciolopsis buski): it is therefore recommended that they be cooked before eating.
Lotus rootlets are often pickled with rice vinegar, sugar, chili and/or garlic. It has a crunchy texture with sweet-tangy flavours. In Asian cuisine, it is popular with salad, prawns, seasame oil and/or coriander leaves.
Lotus roots have been found to be rich in dietary fiber, vitamin C, potassium, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, phosphorus, copper, and manganese, while very low in saturated fat.[citation needed]
The stamens can be dried and made into a fragrant herbal tea called linhu cha () in Chinese, or (particularly in Vietnam)[citation needed] used to impart a scent to tea leaves. The lotus seeds or nuts (called linz, ; or xian linz, , in Chinese) are quite versatile, and can be eaten raw or dried and popped like popcorn, phool makhana. They can also be boiled until soft and made into a paste, or boiled with dried longans and rock sugar to make a tong sui (sweet soup). Combined with sugar, lotus seed paste becomes one of the most common ingredients used in pastries such as mooncakes, daifuku, and rice flour pudding.
Various parts of the lotus are also used in traditional Asian herbal medicine.
Cultural significance
See also: Padma (attribute)
Vishnu holding the lotus, also sitting on it and wearing a lotus-bud crown
Hindu goddess Lakshmi holding & standing on a lotus
From ancient times the lotus has been a divine symbol in Asian traditions representing sexual purity, a virtue.
Hindus revere it with the divinities Vishnu and Lakshmi often portrayed on a pink lotus in iconography. In the representation of Vishnu as Padmanabha (Lotus navel), a lotus issues from his navel with Brahma on it. Goddess Sarasvati is portrayed on a white-colored lotus.
Often used as an example of divine beauty, Vishnu is often described as the ‘Lotus-Eyed One’. Its unfolding petals suggest the expansion of the soul. The growth of its pure beauty from the mud of its origin holds a benign spiritual promise. In Hindu iconography, other deities, like Ganga and Ganesha are often are depicted with lotus flowers as their seats.
The lotus plant is cited extensively within Puranic and Vedic literature, for example:
One who performs his duty without attachment, surrendering the results unto the Supreme Lord, is unaffected by sinful action, as the lotus is untouched by water.
hagavad Gita 5.10:
This has also taken root in Chinese cultures with a famous statement made by the Confucian scholar Zhou Dunyi:
I love the lotus because while growing from mud, it is unstained.
In Buddhist iconography, Buddha is often represented on a pink lotus. In Buddhist symbolism, the lotus represents purity of the body, speech, and mind as if floating above the muddy waters of attachment and desire. It is also to be noted that most Buddhist, Chinese, Hindu, Japanese, amongst other Asian deities are often are depicted as seated on a lotus flower. According to legend, Gautama Buddha was born with the ability to walk and everywhere he stepped, lotus flowers bloomed.
In the classical written and oral literature of many Asian cultures the lotus is present in figurative form, representing elegance, beauty, perfection and grace, being often used in poems and songs as an allegory for ideal feminine attributes. In Sanskrit the word lotus (padma ) has many synonyms, like ambuja, niraj, pankaj, pankaja, kamal, kamala, kunala, aravind, arvind, nalini and saroja and names derived from the lotus, like padmavati (possessing lotuses) or padmini (full of lotuses). These names and derived versions are often used to name girls, and to a lesser extent boys, in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka, as well as in many other countries influenced by Indic culture, like Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia and Laos.
Drawing in turn on these beliefs, the international Bah’ community adopted this symbolism in the design of the Lotus Temple in New Delhi, India.
Other uses
The Padma Shri, a civilian award given by the Government of India, has the words “Padma” and “Shri” in Devanagari appear above and below a lotus flower on its obverse.
BJP, a nationalist political party of India which claims to be at the forefront of India’s cultural nationalism, uses the lotus as its election symbol.
Japanese rock musician Miyavi uses the lotus with the kanji of his name (meaning ‘elegance’), as his insignia.
Moriyama City’s prefectural flower is the lotus.
Vietnam Airlines’s logo comprises a golden lotus as is also mentioned in their frequent flyer program, the Golden Lotus Plus.
Different views & aspects
An example of the lotus effect after rain in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
An example of the lotus effect after rain in Hyderabad, India.
A blossom in formation.
A budding blossom.
A blossom opening in Hyderabad, India.
An opening blossom.
A lotus blossom in full bloom in Hyderabad, India.
A lotus blossom in full bloom in Hyderabad, India.
A lotus blossom in full bloom.
A lotus pond in Hyderabad, India.
A lotus field at the Echo Park Lake, with the Los Angeles skyline in the background.
A lotus field in Hubei province, People’s Republic of China
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nelumbo nucifera
Lotus
Lotus seed
Lotus Position
Lotophagi
Nelumbo
Tulsi
References
^ Long-living lotus: germination from 200 year old seeds
^ Heat of Lotus Attracts Insects And Scientists - New York Times
^ itmonline
^ Indian baby nmes (English)
^ Sanskrit-based names (English)
Categories: Nelumbo | Ornamental plants | Root vegetables | Medicinal plants | National symbols of India | Flora of India | Chinese ingredientsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008

Cargo Lift (foot mounted) Hoist (without trolley) : HNB series Cargo Lift (foot mounted) Hoist (without trolley) : HNB series
History
A blueprint sketch, circa 2000, by Jack Dorsey, envisioning an SMS-based social network
Twitter began in a “daylong brainstorming session” that was held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo in an attempt to break out of a creative slump. At that meeting Jack Dorsey introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group, a concept partly inspired by the SMS group messaging service TXTMob.
The working name was just “Status” for a while. It actually didn have a name. We were trying to name it, and mobile was a big aspect of the product early on … We liked the SMS aspect, and how you could update from anywhere and receive from anywhere.
We wanted to capture that in the name we wanted to capture that feeling: the physical sensation that youe buzzing your friend pocket. It like buzzing all over the world. So we did a bunch of name-storming, and we came up with the word “twitch,” because the phone kind of vibrates when it moves. But “twitch” is not a good product name because it doesn bring up the right imagery. So we looked in the dictionary for words around it, and we came across the word “twitter,” and it was just perfect. The definition was “a short burst of inconsequential information,” and “chirps from birds.” And that exactly what the product was , .
ack Dorsey
The original product name or codename for the service was twttr, inspired by Flickr and the fact that American SMS short codes are five characters. The developers initially experimented with “10958 as a short code, though later changed it to “40404 for “ease of use and memorability.” Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 12:50 PM Pacific Standard Time (PST): “just setting up my twttr”.
The first Twitter prototype was used as an internal service for Odeo employees, later launching publicly into a full-scale version in July 2006. In October 2006, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo and all of its assetsncluding Odeo.com and Twitter.comrom the investors and other shareholders. Twitter later spun off into its own company in April 2007.
The tipping point for Twitter’s popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest (SXSW) festival. During the event usage went from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000. “The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages,” remarked Newsweek’s Steven Levy. “Hundreds of conference-goers kept tabs on each other via constant twitters. Panelists and speakers mentioned the service, and the bloggers in attendance touted it. Soon everyone was buzzing and posting about this new thing that was sort of instant messaging and sort of blogging and maybe even a bit of sending a stream of telegrams.” Reaction at the festival was overwhelmingly positive. Laughing Squid blogger Scott Beale said Twitter “absolutely rul[ed]” SXSW. Social software researcher Danah Boyd said Twitter “own[ed]” the festival. Twitter staff accepted their prize for the festival’s Web Award with the remark “we’d like to thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did!”
Finances
Twitter’s San Francisco headquarters located on the 4th floor of 539 Bryant Street
In total, Twitter has raised over US$57 million from venture capitalists. The exact amounts of funding have not been publicly released. Twitter’s first round of funding was for an undisclosed amount that is rumored to have been between $1 million and $5 million. Its B round of funding in 2008 was for $22 million and its C round of funding in 2009 was for $35 million from Institutional Venture Partners and Benchmark Capital along with an undisclosed amount from other investors including Union Square Ventures and Spark Capital. Twitter is backed by Union Square Ventures, Digital Garage, Spark Capital, and Bezos Expeditions.
The Industry Standard has remarked that Twitter’s long-term viability is limited by a lack of revenue. Twitter board member Todd Chaffee forecast that the company could make money from e-commerce noting that many users may want to buy items directly from Twitter since they already use it to get product recommendations and since companies already use it to promote products.
Some of Twitter’s documents covering revenue and user growth were published on TechCrunch after they were retrieved by a hacker. These contained internal projections that in 2009 they would have revenues of $400,000 in the third quarter (Q3) and $4 million in the fourth quarter (Q4) along with 25 million users at the end of the year. The projections for the end of 2013 were $1.54 billion in revenue, $111 million in net earnings, and 1 billion users. No information about how Twitter plans to achieve those numbers has been published.
Technology
Twitter’s San Francisco offices on 539 Bryant Street
Twitter has been described as akin to a Web-based Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client. The Twitter Web interface uses the Ruby on Rails framework. From the spring of 2007 until 2008 the actual messages were handled by a Ruby persistent queue server called Starling but since 2009 this has been gradually replaced with software written in Scala. The service’s Application programming interface (API) allows other web services and applications to integrate with Twitter. Searches on the system make use of hashtags, words or phrases prefixed with a #. A search for “beer” would turn up all messages that included #beer. Similarly, the @ sign followed by a username allows users to send messages directly to each other. A message with @example would be directed at the user “example” although it can still be read by anyone.
Through SMS, users can communicate with Twitter through five gateway numbers: short codes for the United States, Canada, India, New Zealand, and an Isle of Man-based number for international use. There is also a short code in the United Kingdom which is only accessible to those on the Vodafone network.
Interface
On April 30, 2009, Twitter tweaked its web interface, adding a search bar and a sidebar of Trending Topicshe most common phrases currently appearing in messages. “Every public update sent to Twitter from anywhere in the world 24/7 can be instantly indexed and made discoverable via our newly launched real-time search,” explained Biz Stone. “With this newly launched feature, Twitter has become something unexpectedly important discovery engine for finding out what is happening right now.”
Outages
The Twitter fail whale error message.
When Twitter experiences an outage, users see the “fail whale” error message image created by Yiying Lu, an illustration of red birds using nets to hoist a whale from the ocean along with the text “Too many tweets! Please wait a moment and try again.”
Twitter experienced approximately 98 percent uptime in 2007, or about six full days of downtime. Twitter’s downtime was particularly noticeable during events popular with the technology industry such as the 2008 Macworld Conference & Expo keynote address. During May 2008 Twitter’s new engineering team made architectural changes to deal with the scale of growth. Stability issues resulted in down time or temporary feature removal.
In August 2008, Twitter withdrew free SMS services to users in the United Kingdom and for approximately five months instant messaging support via a Jabber bot was listed as being “temporarily unavailable”. On October 10, 2008, Twitter’s status blog announced that instant messaging (IM) service was no longer a temporary outage and needed to be revamped. Twitter aims to return its IM service at some point but says this requires some major work.
On June 12, 2009, in what was called a potential “Twitpocalypse”, the unique identifier associated with each tweet exceeded the limit for 32-bit signed integers. While Twitter itself was not affected, some third-party clients found that they could no longer access recent tweets. Patches were quickly released, though some iPhone applications had to wait for approval from the App Store.
On August 6, 2009, Twitter suffered from a denial-of-service attack, causing the website to be offline for several hours.
This sentence documents a current event. Information may change rapidly as the event progresses.
Privacy and security
Twitter collects personally identifiable information about its users and shares it with third parties. The service considers that information an asset, and reserves the right to sell it if the company changes hands. While Twitter displays no advertising, advertisers can target users based on their history of tweets and sometimes may quote tweets in ads.
A security vulnerability was reported on April 7, 2007, by Nitesh Dhanjani and Rujith. Since Twitter used the phone number of the sender of an SMS message as authentication, malicious users could update someone else’s status page by using SMS spoofing. The vulnerability could only be used if the spoofer knew the phone number registered to their victim’s account. Within a few weeks of this discovery Twitter introduced an optional personal identification number (PIN) that its users could specify to authenticate SMS-originating messages.
On January 5, 2009, 33 high-profile Twitter accounts were compromised after a Twitter administrator’s password was guessed by a dictionary attack. Falsified tweetsncluding sexually explicit and drug-related messagesere then sent from the accounts.
Twitter launched the beta version of its Verified Accounts service on June 11, 2009, allowing famous or notable people to make it clear which Twitter accounts belongs to them. The…

CNC alloy dirt bike wheel hub CNC alloy dirt bike wheel hub
Principle
A lean burn mode is a way to reduce throttling losses. An engine in a typical vehicle is sized for providing the power desired for acceleration, but must operate well below that point in normal steady-speed operation. Ordinarily, the power is cut by partially closing a throttle. However, the extra work done in pumping air through the throttle reduces efficiency. If the fuel/air ratio is reduced, then lower power can be achieved with the throttle closer to fully open, and the efficiency during normal driving (below the maximum torque capability of the engine) can be higher.
The engines designed for lean burning can employ higher compression ratios and thus provide better performance, efficient fuel use and low exhaust hydrocarbon emissions than those found in conventional petrol engines. Ultra lean mixtures with very high air-fuel ratios can only be achieved by Direct Injection engines.
The main drawback of lean burning is the large amount of NOx being generated at relatively high air/fuel ratios (ie. greater than stoichiometric but less than 30:1), so a complex catalytic converter system is required unless ultra lean ratios are implemented. Lean burn engines do not work well with modern 3-way catalytic converters, which require a balance of pollutants at the exhaust port in order to carry out both oxidation and reduction reactions, so most modern engines run at or near the stoichiometric point.
Chrysler Lean Burn computer
From 1976 through 1989, Chrysler equipped many vehicles with their Electronic Lean Burn (ELB) system, which consisted of a spark control computer and various sensors and transducers. The computer adjusted spark timing based on manifold vacuum, engine speed, engine temperature, throttle position over time, and incoming air temperature. Engines equipped with ELB used fixed-timing distributors without the traditional vacuum and centrifugal timing advance mechanisms. The ELB computer also directly drove the ignition coil, eliminating the need for a separate ignition module.
ELB was produced in both open-loop and closed-loop variants; the open-loop systems produced exhaust clean enough for many vehicle variants so equipped to pass 1976 and 1977 US Federal emissions regulations, and Canadian emissions regulations through 1980, without a catalytic converter. The closed-loop version of ELB used an Oxygen sensor and a feedback carburetor, and was phased into production as emissions regulations grew more stringent starting in 1981, but open-loop ELB was used as late as 1990 in markets with relatively lax emissions regulations, on vehicles such as the Mexican Chrysler Spirit. The spark control and engine parameter sensing and transduction strategies introduced with ELB remained in use through 1995 on Chrysler vehicles equipped with throttle-body fuel injection[citation needed].
Although Chrysler published extensive training and procedural manuals on ELB, it like most early emission control systems was complicated to troubleshoot without these manuals. Many Lean Burn computers have been replaced with a standalone electronic ignition module and centrifugal/vacuum advance distributor, a retrofit to maintain fuel economy and driveability.
Heavy-duty gas engines
Lean burn concepts are often used for the design of heavy-duty natural gas, biogas, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuelled engines. These engines can either be full-time lean burn, where the engine runs with a weak air-fuel mixture regardless of load and engine speed, or part-time lean burn (also known as “lean mix” or “mixed lean”), where the engine runs lean only during low load and at high engine speeds, reverting to a stoichiometric air-fuel mixture in other cases.
Heavy-duty lean burn gas engines admit as much as 75% more air than theoretically needed for complete combustion into the combustion chambers. The extremely weak air-fuel mixtures lead to higher combustion temperatures and therefore reduced forced induction possibilities (that would otherwise be limited by high exhaust gas temperatures), but generate higher theoretical efficiencies when compared to engines running on a stoichiometric air-fuel mixture.
Heavy duty gas engines may employ precombustion chambers in the cylinder head. A lean gas and air mixture is first highly compressed in the main chamber by the piston. A much richer, though much lesser volume gas/air mixture is introduced to the precombustion chamber and ignited by spark plug. The flame front spreads to the lean gas air mixture in the cylinder.
This two stage lean burn combustion produces low NOx and no particulate emissions. Thermal efficiency is better as higher compression ratios are achieved.
The Rolls-Royce Bergen K series marine gas engine is an example of a heavy duty gas engine using this solution.
Honda lean burn systems
One of the newest lean-burn technologies available in automobiles currently in production uses very precise control of fuel injection, a strong air-fuel swirl created in the combustion chamber, a new linear air-fuel sensor (LAF type O2 sensor) and a lean-burn NOx catalyst to further reduce the resulting NOx emissions that increase under “lean-burn” conditions and meet NOx emissions requirements , 5 port router .
This stratified-charge approach to lean-burn combustion means that the air-fuel ratio isn’t equal throughout the cylinder. Instead, precise control over fuel injection and intake flow dynamics allows a greater concentration of fuel closer to the spark plug tip (richer), which is required for successful ignition and flame spread for complete combustion. The remainder of the cylinders’ intake charge is progressively leaner with an overall average air:fuel ratio falling into the lean-burn category of up to 22:1 , gps oem module .
The older Honda engines that used lean burn (not all did) accomplished this by having a parallel fuel and intake system that fed a pre-chamber the “ideal” ratio for initial combustion. This burning mixture was then opened to the main chamber where a much larger and leaner mix then ignited to provide sufficient power. During the time this design was in production this system (CVCC, Compound Vortex Controlled Combustion) primarily allowed lower emissions without the need for a catalytic converter. These were carbureted engines and the relative “imprecise” nature of such limited the MPG abilities of the concept that now under MPI (Multi-Port fuel Injection) allows for higher MPG too.
The newer Honda stratified charge (lean burn engines) will operate on air-fuel ratios as high as 22:1. The amount of fuel drawn into the engine is much lower than a typical gasoline engine which operates at 14.7:1, the chemical stoichiometric ideal for complete combustion when averaging gasoline to be the petrochemical industries’ accepted standard of C6H8.
This lean-burn ability by the necessity of the limits of physics, and the chemistry of combustion as it applies to a current gasoline engine must be limited to light load and lower RPM conditions. A “top” speed cut-off point is required since leaner gasoline fuel mixtures burn slower and for power to be produced combustion must be “complete” by the time the exhaust valve opens.
Applications
199295 Civic VX
19962000 Civic Hx
2001-05 Civic Hx
200205 Civic Hybrid
200006 Insight Manual transmission only
Mitsubishi Vertical Vortex (MVV)
In 1991, Mitsubishi developed and began producing the MVV (Mitsubishi Vertical Vortex) lean burn system first used in Mitsubishi’s 1.5 L 4G15 straight-4 engine. The lean-burn MVV engine can achieve complete combustion with an air-fuel ratio as high as 25:1, whereas conventional engines require 14.7:1. The result is 13% better fuel economy at 40 km/h (25 mph) over a conventional engine powered vehicle. This improved fuel economy means lower CO2 emissions.
The heart of the Mitsubishi’s MVV system is the linear air-fuel ratio exhaust gas oxygen sensor. Compared with standard oxygen sensors, which essentially are on-off switches set to a single air/fuel ratio, the lean oxygen sensor is more of a measurement device covering the air/fuel ratio range from about 15:1 to 26:1.
In order to speed up the otherwise slow combustion of lean mixtures the MVV engine uses two intake valves and one exhaust valve per cylinder. The separate specially shaped (twin intake port design) intake ports are the same size, but only one port receives fuel from an injector. This creates two vertical vortices of identical size, strength and rotational speed within the combustion chamber during the intake stroke: one vortex of air, the other of an air/fuel mixture. The two vortices also remain independent layers throughout most of the compression stroke.
Near the end of the compression stroke, the layers collapse into uniform minute turbulences, which effectively promote lean-burn characteristics. More importantly, ignition occurs in the initial stages of breakdown of the separate layers while substantial amounts of each layer still exist. Because the spark plug is located closer to the vortex consisting of air/fuel mixture, ignition arises in an area of the pentroof-design combustion chamber where fuel density is relatively higher. The flame then spreads through the combustion chamber via the small turbulences. This provides stable combustion even at normal ignition-energy levels, thereby realizing lean burn.
The engine computer stores optimum air fuel ratios for all engine-operating conditions - from lean (for normal operation) to richest (for heavy acceleration) and all points in between. Full-range oxygen sensors (used for the first time) provide essential information that allows the computers to properly…

Educational Power Line Communication Device Educational Power Line Communication Device
Vehicles with EDIS
Ford used the EDIS module on a number of vehicles from 1990 to 199X.
EDIS-4
The EDIS-4 module is used on the following vehicles equipped with the Ford HCS engine, and the 1.9 liter straight-4 Ford CVH engine, between 1990 and 1993:
Ford Escort / Mercury Tracer
Ford Fiesta (Europe)
Ford Escort (Europe)
Ford Sierra (Europe)
Ford Mondeo (Europe)
This system was also used on the 1989-2000 4 cylinder ford rangers and 1994-2000 mazda B2300,B2500.
EDIS-6
The EDIS-6 module is used on the following vehicles equipped with the 4.0L Ford Cologne V6 engine and 3.8L Ford Essex V6 engine between 1990 and 1997 , hub 8 ports .
Ford Ranger / Mazda B-Serie , usb external hub .
Ford Explorer / Mazda Navajo
Ford Aerostar
Ford Mustang (3.8L V6)
Ford Thunderbird Supercoupe (SC 3.8L V6)
The European Ford Scorpio 2.9 V6 24V Cosworth also uses the EDIS-6 module.
EDIS-8
The EDIS-8 module is used on the following vehicles equipped with the 4.6 liter V-8 Ford Modular engine between 1990 and 1997:
Lincoln Town Car
Ford Crown Victoria / Mercury Grand Marquis
Ford Thunderbird / Mercury Cougar
Ford Mustang
The EDIS-8 Module was also used in Some later 5.0L Ford Explorers until around 2002
References
US Patent Number 4,661,778: Ignition diagnostic monitor
US Patent Number 4,922,874: Automobile electronic control modules communicating by pulse width modulated signals
US Patent Number 5,014,676: Ignition system with repetitive sparks
Ford EDIS technical information
MegaJolt Lite Jr- Stand-alone, DIY ignition for Ford EDIS
MegasquirtnSpark-extra EDIS mode
US Patent Number 6,115,665: Memory Efficient Computer System And Method For Controlling An Automotive Ignition System
Categories: Ford | Automotive technology tradenames | Automotive technology stubs

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History
In 1995 the National Park Service founded the first fire use modules, and hosted them in five different park units across the United States; Bandalier NM, Saguaro NP, Whisky town NRA, Zion NP, and Yellowstone NP. Then in 1999 the National Park Service created four more modules; Black Hills FUM, Cumberland Gap FUM, Great Smokes FUM, and Buffalo River FUM.
The modules were developed with the primary purpose of assisting the National Park units with fire use (wildland fire use and prescribed fire), meeting the objectives of the agency in the areas of project preparation and execution with narrow burn prescription windows. Secondarily the modules were intended to be used in monitoring fire effects, and manually reducing hazard fuels on various park units. Modules were also anticipated to be used to assist other agencies in fire use and fuels treatment projects when all the park unit objectives were met.
Other modules came into came into existence as the use and flexibility of Fire Use Modules became more apparent. Most notable of these Fire Use Modules includes those on the Stanislaus National Forest (Calvarase FUM, Summit FUM, etc.), The Bureau of Land Managements Unaweep FUM and The Nature Conservancy’s Southern Rockies .
Fire Use Module Configuration , 10 port usb hub .
A typical Module consists of the following positions , notebook usb hub .
(1) Module Leader - GS-7/8/9 permanent full time
(1) Assistant Module Leader - GS-6/7 permanent full time
(2) Lead crewmember (squad leader) GS-5/6 subject-to-furlough and permanent full time
(3-6) Crewmembers - GS 3/4/5 temporary, subject-to-furlough, and permanent full time.
Minimum Qualifications
(1) CRWB or ENGB - Single Resource Boss
(1) FIRB Firing Boss (separate from CRWB/ENGB)
(1) ICT4 Incident Commander Type 4
(1) ICT5 Incident Commander Type 5 (separate from single resource positions)
(2) FEMO Fire Effects Monitor
(2) FFT1 - Advanced Firefighter (separate from single resource positions)
(2) FALB - Faller Class B
(1) HECM Helicopter Crewmember
(2) Medical First Responder (or higher qualification)
Target Qualifications Target qualifications for FUM are listed below (qualifications are not tied to a particular position within the FUM)
Incident Commander Type 3 (ICT3)
Prescribed Fire Burn Boss II (RXB2)
Prescribed Fire Burn Boss III (RXB3)
Fire Use Manager 2 (FUM2)
Division Supervisor (DIVS)
Task Force Leader (TFLD)
Strike Team Leader (STCR)
Helicopter Manager (HELM)
Faller B/C with crosscut certification.
GIS Specialist (GISS)
Field Observer (FOBS)
Resource Advisor (READ)
Fitness Goals
As a part of fire line performance required of FUMs, the physical ability to perform arduous labor is critical to module morale, personal health and safety standards. All FUM personnel strive to meet the following goals:
1.5 mile run in a time of 11:00 or less
45 sit-ups in 60 seconds
25 pushups in 60 seconds
7 pull-ups
See also
Hotshot Crew
Smokejumper
Helitack
Wildland fire engine
Wildland fire tender
Glossary of wildland fire terms
Wildland fire suppression
External links
Index of Fire Use Modules
Interagency Fire Use Module Operations Guide 2008
Black Hills Fire Use Module
Zion Fire Use Module
Balcones Fire Use Module
Southern Rockies Fire Use Module
Unaweep Fire Use Module
Chepeta Fire Use Module
Wildland Fire Use Underground
USFS - Wildland Fire Use
References
^ http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/colorado/features/art25387.html
^ http://www.wy.blm.gov/fireuse/2006mtg/09a_fum_nps.pdf
^ http://gacc.nifc.gov/sacc/logistics/crews/NPS_FUMOpsGuide_2005.pdf
^ http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/fire/gjc/fireuse/unaweep-fum.shtml
^ FUMhttp://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/colorado/features/art25387.html
^ http://gacc.nifc.gov/sacc/logistics/crews/NPS_FUMOpsGuide_2005.pdf
^ http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/pubs317/PMS-317.pdf
^ http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/pubs317/PMS-317.pdf
^ http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/pubs317/PMS-317.pdf
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